Traditional medicine uses cultural knowledge and practices to promote health maintenance as well as diagnose and treat disease. In developing countries, the majority of people rely on traditional medicines; however, many of these practices have not been rigorously and systematically studied or reported. We review the current understanding and research behind traditional therapies prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, including mind-body and energy-based healing, botanical medicine, and herbal remedies. Topics covered include Ayurveda, yoga, naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa, homeopathy, and medicinal plants such as neem, guggul, tulsi, amla, and turmeric.