<br>Display Omitted<br>• Response surface methodology was applied to optimize supercritical fluid extraction conditions of alantolactone and isoalantolactone. • The optimized extraction conditions were pressure 20 MPa, extraction temperature 50 °C, carbon dioxide flow rate of 17 × 10−5 kg/s and extraction time of 40 min. • Freezing purification greatly improve the content of the target compounds by 30.7 wt.%.<br><b>Inula racemose</b> Hook.f. (<b>I</b>. <b>racemosa</b>) is a traditional herbal medicine with strong anti-fungal and anti-inflammation activity while alantolactone (AL) and isoalantolactone (IAL) are the major active compounds of this plant. The aim of this paper was obtaining AL and IAL from the radix of <b>I</b>. <b>racemosa</b> by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) which was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Our results showed that, the optimal conditions for maximum extraction efficiency were as follows: pressure 20 MPa, extraction temperature 50 °C, carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rate of 17.0 × 10−5 kg/s and extraction time of 40 min. Subsequently, an efficient freezing method was developed for purification of AL and IAL in the crude extract obtained from SFE. After purification by freezing, the total content of the target compounds was greatly improved by 30.7%. The results demonstrate that SFE coupled with freezing would be a powerful technique for extraction and purification of AL and IAL from the radix of <b>I</b>. <b>racemosa</b>.
A new iridoid named (1R,6S,8R,9R) -1 -ethoxy-8-methyl-1,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydrocyclopenta[c] pyran-4-carbaldehyde (1) was isolated from the Tibetan folk medicine Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague. Its structure was elucidated by spectral methods,e, g. ID and 2D NMR and HRMS.
Chrysosplenium nudicaule,Tibetan name " Yajima",is recorded as an effective medicine for the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases by Tibetan Pharmacopoeia published in the past dynasties,but its traditional efficacy has not yet been investigated by means of modern pharmacological research methods. In this paper,the protective effect of extract of C. nudicaule(ECN) on liver injury in mice was observed by using the mice model of intrahepatic cholestasis(IC) induced by α-naphthyl isothiocyanate(ANIT) and the possible mechanism by which ECN work as the therapeutic agent was discussed. The results showed that the serum levels of AST,ALT,ALP,DBIL,TBIL and TBA of the model mice were notably reduced in dose-dependent manner(P<0. 01,P<0. 05). The activity of SOD and GSH-Px in the liver homogenate of mice was increased,while the content of MDA was decreased(P<0. 01,P<0. 05).Pathological examination of liver in mice showed that ECN could improve the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice. The mRNA expression level of genes related to bile acid metabolism were detected by RT-PCR and the results suggested that ECN could significantly increase the expression of genes such as BSEP,FXR and MRP2(P<0. 01,P<0. 05),meanwhile significantly reduce the expression of CYP7 A1(P<0. 01,P<0. 05). These results confirmed the protective effect of ECN on intrahepatic cholestasis-induced liver injury in mice,and indicated that the mechanism may be related to activating FXR and its target genes,reducing bile acid synthesis and increasing bile acid excretion. This study provides a modern pharmacological basis for the clinical application of Yajima in Tibetan medicine.
Trypsin from the pancreas of Tibetan sheep was purified to 7.4-fold by ammonium sulphate and acetone precipitation, followed by Sephacryl S-200 (Whatman, Maidstone, England) and Sephadex G-75 (Whatman) gel filtration, with an 23.2-fold increase in specific activity and 13.6% yield. The final enzyme preparation was nearly homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be approximately 27 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Trypsin-like enzymes had maximal activities at around pH 9.0 and 60C for the hydrolysis of Nα-ρ-Tosyl–L–arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (TAME). Trypsin was unstable above 60C and below pH 4.0, and was stabilized by calcium ions. Purified trypsin had a Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and catalytic constant (Kcat) of 0.53 mM and 206 s−1, respectively, when TAME was used as the substrate. The specific trypsin inhibitors, soybean trypsin inhibited, Nα-ρ-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone and phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride, strongly inhibited the activity of trypsin, while other protease inhibitors exhibited negligible inhibition. The result suggests that major proteinase in the pancreas of Tibetan sheep was trypsin-like serine proteinase. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Tibetan sheep is one of the unique livestock resources in western China. It was found that the trypsin extraction and purification from waste pancreas have the biological characteristics of the heat resistance, alkali resistance, high specific activity and high hydrolysis efficiency. It does not only serve as a better research tool enzyme, but is also widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, textile and other industries. This paper provides the scientific research basis of the development of the waste pancreas for the Tibetan sheep, therefore reducing environmental pollution.
To control the quality of Tibetan medicine Saussureae obvalltae, the quality control method and standard were established in this study. The water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of Saussureae obvalltae were determined according to the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia(2010 edition). Microscopical identification was performed for the plant and powder of the leaves. The TLC method was established, with chlorogenic acid and rutin as control substances, and a mixture of acetate-btuanone-formic acid-water (10∶6∶1∶2) as developing solvent and silica gel G as thin layer plate. Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column was adopted and eluted with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid (17∶83) in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min⁻¹. The column temperature was 40 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 350 nm. As a result, the plant and leaves of Saussureae obvalltae of different origins showed constent microscopic features. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and the other constituents were well separated on TLC detected under the sun light. According to the results of the methodological study, chlorogenic acid and rutin were in good linear correlation in the ranges of 0.119 2-0.715 4 μg(r=0.999 9) and 0.160 7-0.964 4 μg(r=1.000), and the average recoveries were 105.4% (RSD 1.4%) and 99.50% (RSD 0. 91%), respectively. The content of ethanol-soluble extractives, water content, total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 26.01%-31.59%, 7.16%-8.04%, 8.46%-11.14%,0.50%-1.87%, respectively. According to the study, the established method was specific and accurate, which could be used for the quality control of this drug.; Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.
In this paper, the resources of Codonopsis convolvulacea subsp. Vinciflora in 13 counties of Tibet were investigated and analyzed by field investigation, sample point-sample set-sample survey, market investigation and expert visit. The results showed that among the 13 counties, the distribution area of C. convolvulacea ranked as Gongbujiangda County > Zuogong County > Milin County > Mozhugongka County > Lang County > Duilongdeqing County > Chayu County=Jiali County=Mangkang County=Dingqing County=Baqing County=Suo County=Nimu County. The Gongbujiangda County showed the largest distribution, while Zuogong County and Milin County showed relatively small distribution. Chayu County, Jiali County,Mangkang County, Dingqing County, Baqing County, Suo County and Nimu County showed no distribution. The average plant dry weight C. convolvulacea ranked as Duilongdeqing County > Lang County, Gongbujiangda County > Milin County > Chayu County=Jiali County =Zuogong County=Mangkang County=Dingqing County=Baqing County=Suo County =Mozhugongka County=Nimu County. Among them, Duilongdeqing County showed the largest average plant dry weight. The average plant dry weight of C. convolvulacea in Chayu County, Jiali County, Zuogong County,Mangkang County, Dingqing County, Baqing County, Suo County, Mozhugongka County and Nimu County was all 0 g. The order of biomass of C. convolvulacea in the 13 counties was Mozhugongka County > Duilongdeqing County > Lang County > Gongbujiangda County > Milin County > Zuogong County > Dingqing County=Jiali County=Mangkang County=Chayu County=Nimu County=Suo County=Baqing County.Mozhugongka County showed the largest biomass, while the biomass of C. convolvulacea in Dingqing County, Jiali County, Mangkang County, Chayu County, Nimu County, Suo County and Baqing County was all 0 t. The reserve of C. convolvulacea is determined by distribution area habitat and its own growth. In the 13 counties, the reserve of C. convolvulacea ranked as Gongbujiangda County> Mozhugongka County > Lang County > Zuogong County> Milin County > Duilongdeqing County > Dingqing County=Jiali County=Mangkang County=Chayu County=Nimu County=Suo County=Baqing County. The reserve of C. convolvulacea was biggest in Gongbujiangda County and was relatively small in Dingqing County, Jiali County, Mangkang County, Chayu County, Nimu County, Suo County and Baqing County.Targeting at the problems existing in the utilization of C. convolvulacea, some suggestions are put forward, such as establishment of reserve for medicinal plant ecological industry, artificial cultivation, renewing concept and rational exploitation and utilization. In this paper, the resource characteristics and sustainable utilization of Tibetan medicinal plants were studied so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational development and utilization of C. convolvulacea in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Five phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), forsythoside B, verbascoside, alyssonoside, isoverbascoside, and leucosceptoside B, were isolated and purified from Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) combined with macroporous resin (MR) column separation. In the present study, the two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (13:3:10, v/v/v) was used for HSCCC separation. A total of 27 mg of forsythoside B, 41 mg of verbascoside, 29 mg of alyssonoside, 23 mg of isoverbascoside, and 13 mg of leucosceptoside B with purities of 97.7, 99.2, 99.5, 99.3, and 97.3%, respectively, were obtained in a one-step separation within 4 h from 150 mg of crude extract. The recoveries of the five PhGs after MR-HSCCC separation were 74.5, 76.5, 72.5, 76.4, and 77.0%, respectively. The chemical structures of all five compounds were identified by (1) H and (13) C NMR spectroscopy.
Four iridoid glucosides, shanzhiside methyl ester, phloyoside II, chlorotuberside, and penstemonoside, were isolated and purified from an herbal medicinal plant for the first time by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) using a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (5:14:12, v/v/v). A total of 37mg of shanzhiside methyl ester, 29mg of phloyoside II, 27mg of chlorotuberside, and 21mg of penstemonoside with the purity of 99.2%, 98.5%, 97.3%, and 99.3%, respectively, were obtained in one-step separation within 4h from 150mg of crude extract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of separation and purification of iridoid glucosides from natural sources by HSCCC. The chemical structures of all the four compounds were identified by ESI-MS, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR.
A core goal of inclusive education worldwide is to maximize the learning potential of students with special educational needs (SEN) in mainstream educational settings. However, little research attention has been paid to SEN children's social and emotional gains from inclusive education compared to their academic performance. This study included social, emotional, and academic variables in a single research design, not only to test their relationships but also to explore the predictive roles of social and emotional factors in academic performance for SEN students. Participants were 515 SEN students in grades 1-6 in mainstream primary schools in Hong Kong. The results showed that the social and emotional competences of children with SEN were significant predictors of their academic performance (p < 0.001), with emotional competence having the larger impact. Although SEN students' relationships with peers and teachers were not found to be direct significant predictors of academic performance as reported in previous studies; they positively and significantly predicted emotional and social competences of SEN students (p < 0.001). Implications for establishing a caring campus, as well as developing educational interventions which will increase SEN students' positive emotional experiences and foster and maintain their adaptive social and emotional competences are discussed.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents of Tibetan medicine Phyllanthus emblica.METHOD: Various chromatographic techniques were employed for isolation and purification of the constituents, and the structures were elucidated by chemical and spectral analyses.
RESULT: 11 compounds were isolated and identified as gallic acid (I), ellagic acid (II), 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (III), 3,6-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose (IV), chebulinic acid (V), quercetin (VI), chebulagic acid (VII), corilagin (VIII), 3-ethylgallic acid (3-ethoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid, IX), isostrictiniin (X), 1,6-di-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (XI).
CONCLUSION: 3-Ethylgallic acid (3-ethoxy-4,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid) is a novel compound, and isostrictiniin was found from P. emblica for the first time.
Graphical abstract Highlights • The anti-hyperuricemia effects and active components of the traditional Tibetan medicine formula TFTS were investigated. • Total 106 compontents were identified or characterized in TFTS by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. • It was summarized the diagnostic ion and neutral loss patterns of MS/MS cracking of tannic compounds. Abstract TongFengTangSan (TFTS), a traditional Tibetan medicine comprising of Tinospora sinensis (TS), Terminalia chebula Retz (TC) and Trogopterori faeces (TF), is used to treat joint diseases like gout, gout arthritis, swelling, pain etc. Despite the significant therapeutic effects of TFTS, its pharmacological components have not been analyzed so far. Therefore, the chemical composition of the effective part of TFTS was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The results show that the ethanol extract (EE) of TFTS was more effective in reducing the serum uric acid (SUA) and XOD (Serum and Liver) levels in a hyperuricemic rats model compared to the TFTS raw powder (RP). UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS identified a total of 106 compounds in the positive and negative ion mode, of which 87 were from TC, 13 from TS and 6 from TF. In addition, 106 compounds contained 57 tannins, 6 triterpenoids, 10 alkaloids, 7 flavonoids, 22 organic acids and 4 phenylpropanoids. The preliminary results indicate that the EE of TFTS includes the active anti hyperuricemic substances. The present study first investigated the efficacy and the active components of TFTS in hyperuricemic treatment, and further summarized the diagnostic ion and neutral loss patterns of MS/MS cracking of tannic compounds. These findings lay the foundation for the further study and clinical application of TFTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ObjectiveTo provide scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of forest bathing as a natural therapy for human hypertension.
Methods
Twenty-four elderly patients with essential hypertension were randomly divided into two groups of 12. One group was sent to a broad-leaved evergreen forest to experience a 7-day/7-night trip, and the other was sent to a city area in Hangzhou for control. Blood pressure indicators, cardiovascular disease-related pathological factors including endothelin-1, homocysteine, renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin II, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, angiotensin II type 2 receptor as well as inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α were detected. Meanwhile, profile of mood states (POMS) evaluation was used to assess the change of mood state of subjects. In addition, the air quality in the two experimental sites was monitored during the 7-day duration, simultaneously.
Results
The baselines of the indicators of the subjects were not significantly different. Little alteration in the detected indicators in the city group was observed after the experiment. While subjects exposed to the forest environment showed a significant reduction in blood pressure in comparison to that of the city group. The values for the bio-indicators in subjects exposed to the forest environment were also lower than those in the urban control group and the baseline levels of themselves. POMS evaluation showed that the scores in the negative subscales were lowered after exposure to the forest environment. Besides, the air quality in the forest environment was much better than that of the urban area evidenced by the quantitative detection of negative ions and PM10 (particulate matter <10μm in aerodynamic diameter).
Conclusion
Our results provided direct evidence that forest bathing has therapeutic effects on human hypertension and induces inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system and inflammation, and thus inspiring its preventive efficacy against cardiovascular disorders.
<br>Display Omitted<br>• Three new monoterpene glycosides (<b>1</b>-<b>3</b>) were isolated from <b>Sibiraea laevigata</b> (L.) Maxim. • Fourteen known compounds (<b>4</b>-<b>17</b>) were also obtained from the title plant. • All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-oxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. • Compounds <b>7</b> and <b>17</b> exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 220.0 and 113.0 μM, respectively.<br>Three new compounds, 3,7-dimethy-7-methoxy-3-octene-5-one-1-<b>O</b>-<b>β</b>-d-glucopyranoside (1), 3,7-dimethy-7-methoxy-3(<b>Z</b>)-octene-5-one-1-<b>O</b>-<b>β</b>-d-glucopyranoside (2) and 3,7-dimethy-3-hydroxy-6-octene-5-one-1-<b>O</b>-<b>β</b>-d-glucopyranoside (3), together with fourteen known compounds (4-17) were isolated from the leaves and shoots of <b>S. laevigata</b>. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including one- and two-dimensional NMR, as well as mass spectral data. All isolates were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The results demonstrated that 3,7-dimethyl-3(Z),6-ocatdien-5-one-1-<b>O</b>-<b>β</b>-d-glucoside (7) and sitosteryl <b>β</b>-d-glucoside (17) exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 220.0 and 113.0 μM, respectively.
This paper is in order to discussion with the composition and characteristics of Tibetan medicine plant resources, and promote the reasonable protection and utilization of the resources of Tibetan materia medica. Statistical analysis of species, distributions, and others of Chinese endemic seed plant from Tibetan medicine plants and usually used in the clinic of Tibetan medicine. The results showed that there are 523 species (25%) of Chinese endemic seed plant, belonging to 65 families and 162 genera, in about 2 000 varieties of Tibetan medicine plants recorded in relevant literatures. There are 180 Chinese endemic seed plant species (28%) belonging to 42 families and 72 genera from 625 medicine plants usually used in the clinic of Tibetan medicine. Specifically, the most of these Chinese endemic seed plant species are characteristic crude drug used in Tibetan medicine, and mainly or only distributed in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. And a few species of them were intersected with traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and other ethnic medicines. In addition, about 10% are listed in China Species Red List. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most abundant areas of Areal-types of the Chinese endemic seed plant. This is the biological and ecological reason formation the characteristics of Tibetan medicine plant resources. Therefore, strengthen the research of Chinese endemic seed plants used in Tibetan medicine is great significance for the reasonable protection and utilization of Tibetan medicine plant resources.
<br>Display Omitted<br>• Two new stilbenoid derivatives were isolated from <b>Sphaerophysa salsula</b>. • One compound were isolated for the first time from this species. • Eight known compounds were isolated from the plant. • These compounds enriched the structural types of natural products from <b>Sphaerophysa salsula</b>.<br>Two new compounds, gnetuhainins Fa (<b>1</b>) and cassigarols Ea (<b>2</b>), were isolated from the whole herb of <b>Sphaerophysa salsula</b> along with eight known compounds (<b>3</b>-<b>10</b>). The compounds (<b>4</b>) were isolated for the first time from this species. Their structures were elucidated by ESI-MS, UV, IR, 1D NMR and 2D NMR data.
Meditation is approached as a technique for the activation of religious experience. Various theories used in psychology to explain the cognitive changes brought about by meditation are briefly reviewed. Of these, the role-theory of Sundén fits best the structure and function of various meditation methods in religious history. A small scale laboratory experiment is reported, designed for the purpose of testing the predictive validity of role-theory. The results make it possible to specify the theory's contribution and limitation.
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