We humans tend to believe that our cognitive skills are unique, not only in degree, but also in kind. The more closely we look at other species, however, the clearer it becomes that the difference is one of degree. Krupenye et al. show that three different species of apes are able to anticipate that others may have mistaken beliefs about a situation (see the Perspective by de Waal). The apes appear to understand that individuals have different perceptions about the world, thus overturning the human-only paradigm of the theory of mind.Science, this issue p. 110; see also p. 39Humans operate with a “theory of mind” with which they are able to understand that others’ actions are driven not by reality but by beliefs about reality, even when those beliefs are false. Although great apes share with humans many social-cognitive skills, they have repeatedly failed experimental tests of such false-belief understanding. We use an anticipatory looking test (originally developed for human infants) to show that three species of great apes reliably look in anticipation of an agent acting on a location where he falsely believes an object to be, even though the apes themselves know that the object is no longer there. Our results suggest that great apes also operate, at least on an implicit level, with an understanding of false beliefs.
The Handbook on the Economics of Giving, Reciprocity and Altruism provides a comprehensive set of reviews of literature on the economics of nonmarket voluntary transfers. The foundations of the field are reviewed first, with a sequence of chapters that present the hard core of the theoretical and empirical analyses of giving, reciprocity and altruism in economics, examining their relations with the viewpoints of moral philosophy, psychology, sociobiology, sociology and economic anthropology. Secondly, a comprehensive set of applications are considered of all the aspects of society where nonmarket voluntary transfers are significant: family and intergenerational transfers; charity and charitable institutions; the nonprofit economy; interpersonal relations in the workplace; the Welfare State; and international aid.
This multimethod series of studies merges the literatures on gratitude and risk regulation to test a new process model of gratitude and relationship maintenance. We develop a measure of appreciation in relationships and use cross-sectional, daily experience, observational, and longitudinal methods to test our model. Across studies, we show that people who feel more appreciated by their romantic partners report being more appreciative of their partners. In turn, people who are more appreciative of their partners report being more responsive to their partners' needs (Study 1), and are more committed and more likely to remain in their relationships over time (Study 2). Appreciative partners are also rated by outside observers as relatively more responsive and committed during dyadic interactions in the laboratory, and these behavioral displays are one way in which appreciation is transmitted from one partner to the other (Study 3). These findings provide evidence that gratitude is important for the successful maintenance of intimate bonds.
Zotero Collections:
Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world’s vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.Though the threat of extinction is increasing, overall declines would have been worse in the absence of conservation.
Though the threat of extinction is increasing, overall declines would have been worse in the absence of conservation.
Research continues to document the positive effects of mindfulness on physical and mental health. Mindfulness is beginning to be incorporated into the professional training of mental health practitioners; however, documentation of the effects of mindfulness training on trainees is still needed. This article uses qualitative research to explore whether a mindfulness class based on Kabat-Zinn's Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program may be a promising prophylactic for the stress that causes burnout among mental health workers. Forty-one students participated in this research study. Participants indicated that mindfulness increased (a) present-moment orientation and (b) increased their awareness and acceptance of feeling states and bodily states related to stress. Participants described that through this acceptance and awareness, they increased their ability to preempt stress, increased their confidence in ameliorating stress, and increased self-compassion. Students also indicated greater confidence regarding their ability to prevent burnout and their future as mental health workers.
This longitudinal study prospectively examined the impact of social support and dispositional mindfulness on 12-month follow-up psychological distress among older gay men. A sample of 186 gay men in Australia aged 42 years and older completed measures of 3 types of social support (appraisal, belonging, and tangible), dispositional mindfulness, and psychological distress at baseline, and the same measure of psychological distress in a follow-up survey approximately 12 months later. Although none of the social support measures, nor dispositional mindfulness, uniquely predicted psychological distress at follow-up, there was a significant interaction between each of the social support measures and dispositional mindfulness. Specifically, all 3 types of social support predicted lower psychological distress at follow-up for men who were low in dispositional mindfulness. However, men who were high in dispositional mindfulness tended to have lower psychological distress overall, regardless of social support levels. This suggests that mindfulness might serve as a protective factor for members of stigmatized groups who have lower levels of social support. These findings might be particularly useful in mitigating psychological distress in gay men and other stigmatized populations, particularly for whom social support may not be readily available. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Self-report measures of mindfulness have consistently demonstrated positive relationships with well-being and inverse relationships with depression symptoms. The goal of this study was to extend the existing literature to include a test of the incremental validity of the components of mindfulness (as measured by the four factors of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills [KIMS]; Baer et al. Assessment, 11, 191–206, 2004) and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown and Ryan Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848, 2003) in the prediction of satisfaction with life (relative to self-esteem) and depression (relative to negative cognitions) among a sample of 365 college students. Results revealed only KIMS Observe accounted for a significant amount variance relative to self-esteem in the prediction of satisfaction with life, and in the prediction of depression symptoms, only KIMS Accept without Judgment accounted for a significant amount of variance relative to negative cognitions. These results are discussed in relation to the measurement of mindfulness and methods used to assess the validity of these scales.
Aim: Within the last 10 years, mindfulness has quickly moved into the mainstream of behavioural medicine, psychotherapy, and counselling. This article examines the potential of applying mindfulness practices to the training of counsellors and psychotherapists. Method: Several qualitative research projects conducted over the past nine years are summarised. Findings: Mindfulness training can enhance the physical and psychological wellbeing of trainees. Implications for training: Mindfulness training is a specific way that training programmes can teach students strategies of self‐care that can help prevent burnout, compassion fatigue, and vicarious traumatisation.
Integrative medicine (IntM) is a growing medical trend combining conventional medical approaches with evidence-based complementary therapies to promote well-being. Over half of individuals with depression use some form of IntM for symptom management. The purpose of the current study was to critically review the scientific evidence for IntM techniques in treating adult unipolar depression. We examined randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in the last one to three years using PsychINFO, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. The strongest evidence currently exists for mindfulness-based interventions and St. John's Wort (SJW) as monotherapies, and there is relatively strong evidence to support the use of omega-3 fatty acids and exercise as adjunct therapies. However, there remains an overall lack of methodologically rigorous research to support the efficacy of many other IntM techniques. Providers should be aware that many patients use IntM techniques for depression treatment and inquire regularly about such use.
The introduction of foreign medical science into Tibet has hitherto not been the subject of any detailed study, although Tibetan histories of medicine contain much information on the early development of medical science in the Tibetan Empire. In the present paper, an attempt is made to interpret all of the relevant passages from available Tibetan sources concerning the Greek school, the most important of the foreign systems of medicine introduced into early Tibet.
Jainism advocates the practice of nonviolence (ahimsa), combining a strict ascetic practice with a view that life pervades all beings, including elements that are considered inert in other worldviews. Many Jainas are by translating this interpretation of the world into the broader arena of ecological ethics.
Joanna Macy and the Great Turning is a short film about the societal shift now underway from an industrial growth society to a more sustainable civilization. Based on an extensive interview with well-known writer, teacher, and activist Joanna Macy, the film lays out Macy's understanding of the Great Turning as the third major revolution of human existence after the agricultural and industrial revolutions. The most remarkable feature of this historical moment on Earth, says Joanna Macy, Is not that we are on the way to destroying the world - we've actually been on the way for quite a while. It is that we are beginning to wake up, as from a millennia-long sleep, to a whole new relationship to our world, to ourselves and each other. Macy considers how human beings have previously responded to the major challenges of our past and shows how we are doing so once again, in hundreds of ways both small and large. Illustrated with beautiful footage shot around the world, the film is at once sobering, insightful, and inspiring. The Great Turning is ultimately a call to take part in this new great adventure in order to help create a more life-sustaining world.; Release Date: 2014; Recording Info: Originally produced by The Video Project in 2014.
Joanna Macy and THE GREAT TURNING is a short film about the societal shift now underway from an industrial growth society to a more sustainable civilization. Based on an extensive interview with well-known writer, teacher and activist Joanna Macy, the film lays out Macy’s understanding of the Great Turning as the third major revolution of human existence after the agricultural and industrial revolutions.
<p>The <em>Journal of the Tibet Society</em> is a scholarly periodical devoted to all areas of research on Tibet and regions influenced by Tibetan culture, including the arts, astronomy, geography, history, linguistics, medicine, philosophy, religion, the social sciences, and other subjects. The Journal includes articles in English, French, German, and Tibetan. JTS is published by the Tibet Society, which previously published the <em>Tibet Society Newsletter</em> (1967-8) and then the <em>Tibet Society Bulletin</em> (1969-80). (Ben Deitle 2005-11-15)</p>
<p>This is the first issue of the Journal of the Tibet Society, published in 1981. Edited by Christopher I. Beckwith, the issue features articles by F.A. Bischoff, Helmut Eimer, Pema Tsering, Josef Kolmaš, Per Kværne, Roy Andrew Miller, Hugh Richardson, and Alex Wayman, as well as book reviews. (Ben Deitle 2005-12-16)</p>
<p>This is the second issue of the Journal of the Tibet Society, published in 1982. Edited by Christopher I. Beckwith, the issue features articles by Michael M. Broido, Helmut Eimer, Dan Martin, and Elliot Sperling. (Ben Deitle 2005-12-16)</p>
<p>This is the third issue of the Journal of the Tibet Society, published in 1983. Edited by Christopher I. Beckwith, the issue features articles by Michael M. Broido, Massimo Facchini, and Günter Grönbold, as well as book reviews. (Ben Deitle 2005-12-16)</p>
<p>This is the fourth issue of the Journal of the Tibet Society, published in 1984. Edited by Christopher I. Beckwith, the issue features articles by Michael M. Broido and Samuel M. Grupper, as well as book reviews. (Ben Deitle 2005-12-16)</p>
Pages |