In the present study, structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a fraction (AAP-2A) of polysaccharides from angelica and astragalus (AAP) were investigated. Characteriztion assay showed that AAP-2A had molecular weight (Mw), root-mean square (RMS) radius and polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) of 2.252 × 10(3)kDa, 28.4 nm and 1.038, respectively. There were infrared characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides in FT-IR spectroscopy. AAP-2A was composed of rhamnose (Rha), galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara) and glucose (Glc) with a molar ratio of 1:2.13:3.22:6.18 in GC analysis. Methylation analysis combined with NMR spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that a preliminary structure of AAP-2A was proposed as follows: 1,3-linked Rhap, 1,3-linked Galp, 1,3-linked Araf, 1,5-linked Araf, 1,3,5-linked Araf, 1,4-linked Glcp and 1,4,6-linked Glcp interspersed with terminal Glcp. AAP-2A exhibited a surface with a sheet-like appearance in scanning electron microscope and stronger antioxidant capacity compared with AAP.
A rapid, convenient and effective identification method of alkaloids was established and an attempt on isolating and analyzing the alkaloids in Aconitum pendulum Busch was conducted successfully. In this article, four high-content components including deoxyaconitine, benzoylaconine, aconine and neoline were isolated by using column chromatography. HPLC-MS(n)was employed to deduce the regulations of fragmentation of diterpenoid alkaloids which displayed a characteristic behavior of loss of CO(28u), CH3COOH(60u), CH3OH(32u), H2O(18u) and C6H5COOH(122u). Then, according to fragmentation regulation of mass spectrometry, 42 alkaloids were found inA. pendulum Among them, 38 compounds were identified and 29 alkaloids were reported for the first time for this herb. Therefore, this means that HPLC-MS(n)combined with column chromatography could work as an effective and reliable tool for rapid identification of the chemical components of herbal medicine.
A rapid, convenient and effective identification method of alkaloids was established and an attempt on isolating and analyzing the alkaloids in Aconitum pendulum Busch was conducted successfully. In this article, four high-content components including deoxyaconitine, benzoylaconine, aconine and neoline were isolated by using column chromatography. HPLC-MS(n)was employed to deduce the regulations of fragmentation of diterpenoid alkaloids which displayed a characteristic behavior of loss of CO(28u), CH3COOH(60u), CH3OH(32u), H2O(18u) and C6H5COOH(122u). Then, according to fragmentation regulation of mass spectrometry, 42 alkaloids were found inA. pendulum Among them, 38 compounds were identified and 29 alkaloids were reported for the first time for this herb. Therefore, this means that HPLC-MS(n)combined with column chromatography could work as an effective and reliable tool for rapid identification of the chemical components of herbal medicine.
DNA barcoding technique in combination with UFLC analysis technology was used to evaluate the quality of Tibetan medicine Pterocephalus hookeri from species identification and chemical qualitative and other aspects. Hybrid identification was established by DNA barcoding; UFLC-PDA was adopted to analyse fingerprint of different parts of Pterocephali Herba, and SPSS and Grey relation software were used for data analysis. The result showed that DNA barcoding is an accurate and reliable method in origin identification of Pterocephalus hookeri. The compounds in overground is more than underground by analysis of the different part fingerprint by UFLC. The genetic gene may be involved in the secondary metabolites of iridoid glycosides. Pertinence between gene and chemical component, as a new model established, could be suited for quality evaluation and resources protection.
This study is to establish an HPLC fingerprint and quantitative analysis of 3 components of Gyantse Seabuckthorn from different producing areas.The separation was developed on Shimadzu InertSustain C18column (4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm) by gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.2% phosphoric acid water as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL•min ⁻¹; the detection wavelength was set at 360 nm and column temperature was set at 30 ℃. The data calculation was performed with similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine(Version 2004A).The fingerprints of 10 batches of Gyantse Seabuckthorn were carried out by similarity comparison, and 12 chromatographic peaks were extracted as the common peaks of fingerprint, of which three main active ingredients were successfully determined. This is the first established fingerprint and multi-component quantitative determination of Gyantse Seabuckthorn by using HPLC. This method has good precision stability and repeatability that could provide basis for quality control and evaluation of Gyantse Seabuckthorn.
Traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support system (TCMISS, V2.5) was used in this study to analyze the common medicines, frequency of medicine combination, core herbal combinations and new prescriptions for the treatment of plateau disease from the Four-Volume Medical Code, Mannose Herbal Mirror and other related books. TCMISS V2.5 software was used to construct the database of drug treatment for plateau disease. The frequency analysis and association rules apriori algorithm, improved mutual information method and other data mining methods were used to explore the law of drug compatibility. After the analysis of 531 prescriptions for plateau disease, 20 common symptoms of plateau disease were summarized such as insomnia and tinnitus. There were 539 kinds of herbs in the plateau disease prescriptions, including 33 kinds of herbs whose medicinal frequency>=50, such as Terminalia chebula and Myristica fragrans, and T. chebula had the highest medicinal frequency; 14 commonly used herbal combinations, and "Aucklandia lappa-T. chebula" had the highest frequency; 13 core herbal combinations were obtained after entropy clustering analysis, including 8 combinations of three herbs such as "Allium sativum-Carum carvi-Ferula sinkiangensis" and 5 combinations of four herbs such as "A. lappa-Aquilaria sinensis-Ewgewia caryophyllata-Myristica fragrans", and 5 new prescriptions such as "A. sativum-C. carvi-F. sinkiangensis-A. lappa-Choerospondia axillaris-A. sinensis-M. fragrans". The main symptom of "insomnia" was chosen to analyze the treatment of insomnia, and the core herbal combinations mainly including A. sinensis, T. chebula, and C. axillaris as well as the new prescriptions mainly containing Carthamus tinctorius, Meconopsis horridnla, and Punica granatum were obtained. The prescriptions for the treatment of plateau disease were clarified by TCM inheritance system, and the clinical prescription regularity and characteristics of the combination of common medicines were summarized, to provide reference and new ideas for its clinical application and development of new drug research.; Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.
The 1H-NMR fingerprints of three different species tibetan medicine sea buckthorn were established by 1H-HMR metabolomics to find out different motablism which could provide a new method for the quality evaluation of sea buckthorn. The obtained free induction decay (FID) signal will be imported into MestReNova software and into divide segments. The data will be normalized and processed by principal component analysis and.partial least squares discriminant analysis to perform pattern recognition. The results showed that 25 metabolites belonging to different chemical types were detected from sea buckthorn,including flavonoids, triterpenoids, amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, etc. PCA and PLS-DA analysis showed three different varietiest of sea buckthorn that can be clearly separated by the content of L-quebrachitol, malic acid and some unidentified sugars, which can be used as the differences metabolites of three species of sea buckthorn. 1H-NMR-based metabonomies method had a holistic characteristic with sample preparation and handling. The results of this study can offer an important reference for the species identification and quality control of sea buckthorn.
Four different extracts of Oxytropis falcata, including the aerial aqueous extract, and the underground aqueous extract, the aerial lipophilic extract, and the underground lipophilic extract were prepared and then administrated orally to mice at the maximum dose (50 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) calculated by raw material) for fifteen days respectively. Compared with the control group, which was administrated of 1.0% tween-80, the treatment groups did not show significant differences in appearance and behavior. However, the organcoefficient, blood biochemical indicator and pathological section results showed that the lipophilic extracts of the aerial and underground parts of O. flacata showed mild injury to the liver of mice, while the aerial and underground aqueous extracts and the underground lipophilic extract showed mild toxicity to the kidney of male mice. Chemical analysis showed that the lipophilic extracts of the aerial and underground parts, especially aerial lipophilic extract, consisted of large amount of flavonoid aglycones with little amount of polysaccharides and proteins, while the aqueous extracts contained much polysaccharides and proteins with almost no flavonoid aglycones detected.
The effective, energy-saving and green subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology was applied to obtain the oil from <i>Lycium ruthenicum</i> seeds (LRSO). The optimal conditions of extraction parameters were found using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken experimental design. The maximum extraction yield of 21.20% was achieved at raw material particle size of 0.60 mm, extraction pressure of 0.63 MPa, temperature of 50 °C and time of 48 min. Other traditional extraction technologies were comparatively used. The physicochemical property of LRSO was analysed and the chemical compositions indicated that they were rich in unsaturated fatty acid, β-carotene, tocopherols and total phenolics. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of LRSO was evaluated by scavenging activity of three kinds of radicals (DPPH·, ·OH and O₂⁻·) and lipid peroxidation <i>in vitro</i>. And its results showed the oil had the potential to be a novel antioxidant agent for using in the field of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.<br>Lycium ruthenicum seeds oil (LRSO) was obtained by subcritical fluid extraction (SFE), and the process of SFE was optimized using response surface methodology. LRSO was evaluated by determination of physicochemical property, lipophilic compositions and antioxidant activity. The study revealed the possibility of LRSO as a potential source of valuable product for commercial ventures (food, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics).
BACKGROUND: Potentilla fruticosa, also called "Jinlaomei" and "Gesanghua", is widely used as folk herbs in traditional Tibetan medicine in China to treat inflammations, wounds, certain forms of cancer, diarrhoea, diabetes and other ailments. Previous research found P. fruticosa leaf extract (C-3) combined with Ginkgo biloba extracts (EGb) showed obvious synergistic effects in a variety of oxidation systems. The aim of the present study was to further confirm the synergy of P. fruticosa combined with EGb viewed from physiological bioavailability and explore the related bioactive mechanism behind the synergism.METHODS: The microbial test system (MTS) was adopted to evaluate the related bioactive mechanism. The synergistic effects were evaluated by isobolographic analysis. The H2O2 production rate and antioxidant enzyme (Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)) activities were determined by the colorimetric method. Enzyme gene (CAT, SOD) expression was measured by real time-PCR.
RESULTS: The MTS antioxidant activity results showed the combination of C-3 + EGb exhibited synergistic effects especially at the ratio 5:1. Components of isorhamnetin and caffeic acid in C-3 and EGb displayed strong antioxidant activities on MTS and their combination also showed significant synergy in promoting H2O2 production. The combinations of C-3 + EGb and isorhamnetin + caffeic acid promoted CAT and SOD enzyme activities and the ratio 1:1 exhibited the strongest synergy while no obvious promotion on POD and GSH-PX enzyme activities was found. Both combinations above promoted gene expression of CAT and SOD enzymes and the ratio 1:1 exhibited the strongest synergy.
CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidant activity results in MTS further confirmed the significant synergy of C-3 combined with EGb and isorhamnetin combined with caffeic acid. The synergy of C-3 combined with EGb may be attributed to the combination of isorhamnetin + caffeic acid, which promoted CAT and SOD enzyme gene expression and further promoted the enzyme activities in E. coli. This study could further provide rational basis for optimizing the physiological bioavailability of P. fruticosa by using natural and safe antioxidants in low doses to produce new medicines and functional products.
BACKGROUND: Potentilla fruticosa, also called "Jinlaomei" and "Gesanghua", is widely used as folk herbs in traditional Tibetan medicine in China to treat inflammations, wounds, certain forms of cancer, diarrhoea, diabetes and other ailments. Previous research found P. fruticosa leaf extract (C-3) combined with Ginkgo biloba extracts (EGb) showed obvious synergistic effects in a variety of oxidation systems. The aim of the present study was to further confirm the synergy of P. fruticosa combined with EGb viewed from physiological bioavailability and explore the related bioactive mechanism behind the synergism. METHODS: The microbial test system (MTS) was adopted to evaluate the related bioactive mechanism. The synergistic effects were evaluated by isobolographic analysis. The H2O2 production rate and antioxidant enzyme (Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)) activities were determined by the colorimetric method. Enzyme gene (CAT, SOD) expression was measured by real time-PCR. RESULTS: The MTS antioxidant activity results showed the combination of C-3 + EGb exhibited synergistic effects especially at the ratio 5:1. Components of isorhamnetin and caffeic acid in C-3 and EGb displayed strong antioxidant activities on MTS and their combination also showed significant synergy in promoting H2O2 production. The combinations of C-3 + EGb and isorhamnetin + caffeic acid promoted CAT and SOD enzyme activities and the ratio 1:1 exhibited the strongest synergy while no obvious promotion on POD and GSH-PX enzyme activities was found. Both combinations above promoted gene expression of CAT and SOD enzymes and the ratio 1:1 exhibited the strongest synergy. CONCLUSIONS: Antioxidant activity results in MTS further confirmed the significant synergy of C-3 combined with EGb and isorhamnetin combined with caffeic acid. The synergy of C-3 combined with EGb may be attributed to the combination of isorhamnetin + caffeic acid, which promoted CAT and SOD enzyme gene expression and further promoted the enzyme activities in E. coli. This study could further provide rational basis for optimizing the physiological bioavailability of P. fruticosa by using natural and safe antioxidants in low doses to produce new medicines and functional products.
The Master who brought t'ai chi ch'uan to the West shows how Chinese exercises can lead to along and healthy life-- Offers practical, fully illustrated instructions in breathing and 50 essential t'ai chi ch'uan formsThis introduction to the benefits of t'ai chi ch'uan reveals in a reissued edition the powerful Taoist principles that have helped many to attain longer and healthier lives. Master Liu demonstrates various exercises designed to promote good digestion; maintain proper blood pressure; bolster the immune system; and prevent, or even cure, heart disease and cancer. This guide also covers Chinese foods, herbs, and teas.
An orthogonally (80.3%) preparative two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction chromatography/reversed-phase liquid chromatography method has been established for the isolation and purification of flavonoids from Saxifraga tangutica. Initially, flavonoids were enriched by means of a middle-pressure chromatographic tower (containing middle chromatogram isolated gel). In the first dimension, a XION preparative column was used to separate the flavonoid fractions under the guidance of characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectra of flavonoids and nine flavonoid fractions were obtained. Then, the coeluted flavonoid fractions were selected for further purification via reversed-phase liquid chromatography with the parent ion peak of quercetin (303), kaempferol (287), or isorhamnetin (317). Several flavonoids could be separated from each hydrophilic interaction chromatography fraction; furthermore, flavonoids with poor resolution in one-dimensional liquid chromatography were isolated in two-dimensional liquid chromatography due to the orthogonality. In addition, this technique was valuable for trace flavonoids, which were concentrated in the first stage and separated in the second stage. In total, 18 flavonoids with either quercetin, kaempferol, or isorhamnetin parent nuclei were targetedly obtained, and 15 flavonoids were obtained for the first time from S. tangutica. These results established that the off-line two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction chromatography/reversed-phase liquid chromatography technique was efficient for the isolation of flavonoids from Saxifraga tangutica.
An orthogonally (80.3%) preparative two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction chromatography/reversed-phase liquid chromatography method has been established for the isolation and purification of flavonoids from Saxifraga tangutica. Initially, flavonoids were enriched by means of a middle-pressure chromatographic tower (containing middle chromatogram isolated gel). In the first dimension, a XION preparative column was used to separate the flavonoid fractions under the guidance of characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectra of flavonoids and nine flavonoid fractions were obtained. Then, the coeluted flavonoid fractions were selected for further purification via reversed-phase liquid chromatography with the parent ion peak of quercetin (303), kaempferol (287), or isorhamnetin (317). Several flavonoids could be separated from each hydrophilic interaction chromatography fraction; furthermore, flavonoids with poor resolution in one-dimensional liquid chromatography were isolated in two-dimensional liquid chromatography due to the orthogonality. In addition, this technique was valuable for trace flavonoids, which were concentrated in the first stage and separated in the second stage. In total, 18 flavonoids with either quercetin, kaempferol, or isorhamnetin parent nuclei were targetedly obtained, and 15 flavonoids were obtained for the first time from S. tangutica. These results established that the off-line two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction chromatography/reversed-phase liquid chromatography technique was efficient for the isolation of flavonoids from Saxifraga tangutica.
A Choreography of Body and Soul
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An ideal introduction to T'Ai Chi Ch'Uan, providing clear descriptions of the methods of meditation and exercise, and illuminating the underlying theory, so readers can understand as well as practice the techniques in their daily routine.
We investigated the relationship between teachers' emotional intelligence (EI) and self-efficacy, and tested whether this relationship was mediated by teaching performance. Participants were 467 Chinese middle school teachers (312 women; 66.8%). They completed 3 questionnaires relating to EI, self-efficacy, and teaching performance. The results showed that the total effect of EI on self-efficacy was .61, indicating that higher EI is positively correlated with a higher level of self-efficacy. This relationship was partially mediated by teaching performance. In the mediating model for teaching performance, the direct effect of EI on teachers' self-efficacy was .23 and the mediating effect of teaching performance on the relationship between EI and teachers' self-efficacy was .45. In addition, both the direct and mediating effects were invariant across gender and teaching experience. These results indicate that an increase in EI largely enhances teachers' self-efficacy only when emotional skills are successfully used to improve teachers' performance. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR
Integrating textual criticism literatures with field survey, the name, classification and botanical originals of breeds of Tibetan medicine "Dida" were discussed in this paper. The results showed that it's very intricate and confusion in the names, breeds and botanical originals of "Dida", and those were the key restricting factors resulting in shortfall and difficult formulation in quality standard of "Dida". The similar situations are existing universally in ethnodrugs, and reflecting the necessity and urgency to collate ethnodrug breeds. On the other hand, Because of the morphologic description on the botanical origins of drug was often simple in the ancient literatures, and in most cases, the botanical origins of the drug were difficult to identify accurately on the basis of the literatures. So, in the collating the breeds, it's necessary to follow the principle of "according to the ancient literatures but no rigidly", and to pay attention to the historical vicissitude of the drug breeds and origins, and the survey of present resources and clinical using, draw actively on outcome of chemical and biological active researches. That inherited the characteristics and advantages of ethnodrugs, and promoted them them modernization.
A Tibetan manuscript with title of Sman-dpyad gces-pa grub-pa kun-'dus-pa in the Collection of Practiced Medical Quintessence, was found in the basement of a Buddhist tower named 'Bum-pa-che in Lhokha (Shannan), Tibet. It contains a purgative recipe of TCM with its title "Powder of Han Region" and several ingredients in Chinese transliteration. Based upon the rule of medieval Chinese system of pronunciation with reference of related texts and studies, a textual research identifies it as a kind of Maren (seed of Cannabis sativa L. ) wan in TCM. Although no identical formulae of its kind has been found in extant literature of TCM prior to the Song Dynasty(960 AD), yet its ingredients, pharmaceutical preparation and efficacy are very similar to the Modified maren wan, the variant formulae of Maren wan in Wai tai mi yao (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) of the Tang Dynasty.
P. t.1061 preserved at the Manuscripts Department of the Bibiothèque Nationle de France, is a Dunhuang Tibetan veterinary medical manuscript that focuses on the surgical therapy of equine rhinopathy. The method of blowing a small quantity of ammonium chloride through a bamboo tube to treat horse nasal sinus diseases was described in the original scroll; if not effective, burn with a proper cauterization apparatus; if still ineffective, prick with a fine bloodletting needle; if still not effective, operate frontal trephination. The frontal trephination documented in P. t.1061 is by far the earliest record in Tibetan language of relative operation so far discovered.
In this paper, ab initio MP2 calculations have been performed to study the traditional and halogen-shared halogen bonds formed by a series of doped all-metal aromatic clusters MAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup> (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and YX (Y = HCC-, F<sub>3</sub>C-, HO-; X = Cl, Br, I). On the basis of our calculations, four halogen-bonded interaction modes, coded as MAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup>-XY-<i>1</i>, MAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup>-XY-2, MAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup>-XY-<i>3</i> and MAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup>-XY-<i>4</i>, have been recognized for complexes of MAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup>-XY. In particular, the configurations (configurations <i>2</i> and <i>3</i>) of the HCCX- and F<sub>3</sub>CX-containing complexes display different arrangements from those of HOX-containing complexes. Although the most positive electrostatic potentials on the surfaces of X atoms in monomers of YX (Y = HCC-, F<sub>3</sub>C-, HO-; X = Cl, Br, I) are similar, the interaction strength of HOX-containing complex is much stronger than those of HCCX- and F<sub>3</sub>CX-containing complexes. Based on the AIM, NBO and ELF analyses, the halogen bonds in the HCCCl/Br- and F<sub>3</sub>CCl/Br-containing complexes belong to traditional halogen bonds, while those in SiAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup>-BrCF<sub>3</sub>-<i>1</i>, GeAl<sub>3</sub> <sup>−</sup>-BrCF<sub>3</sub>-<i>1</i> and HCCI- and F<sub>3</sub>CI-containing complexes are halogen-shared halogen bonds. The halogen bonds in the HOX-containing complexes belong to covalent bonds or halogen-shared halogen bonds.
2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase (LigI) is the first identified enzyme from amidohydrolase superfamily that does not require a divalent metal ion for catalytic activity. It catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate (PDC) to 4-oxalomesaconate (OMA) and 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate (CHM) in the degradation of lignin. In this paper, a combined quantum mechanics and molecule mechanics (QM/MM) approach was employed to study the reaction mechanism of LigI from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. According to the results of our calculations, the whole catalytic reaction contains three elementary steps, including the nucleophilic attack, the cleavage of CO of lactone (substrate) and the intramolecular proton transfer. The intermediate has two intramolecular proton transfer pathways, due to which, two final hydrolysis products can be obtained. The energy profile indicates that 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate (CHM) is the main hydrolysis product, therefore, the isomerization between 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate (CHM) and 4-oxalomesaconate (OMA) is suggested to occur in solvent. During the catalytic reaction, residue Asp248 acts as a general base to activate the hydrolytic water molecule. Although His31, His33 and His180 do not directly participate in the chemical process, they play assistant roles by forming electrostatic interactions with the substrate and its involved species in activating the carbonyl group of the substrate and stabilizing the intermediates and transition states.
Novel compounds and more efficient treatment options are urgently needed for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The decoction of Sophora moorcroftiana (Fabaceae) has been used to treat parasitosis for years in traditional Tibetan medicine. The aim of this study was to screen insecticidal water-soluble alkaloids from S. moorcroftiana seeds and evaluate the therapeutic effects against CE and the immune response induced by the alkaloidal fraction. Low polarity compounds (E2-a) were isolated from water-soluble alkaloid (E2) and matrine and sophocarpine were identified as major components. The E2-a fraction was more effective against protoscoleces than other constituents from S. moorcroftiana. After 20 weeks of secondary infection with protoscoleces, mice were orally treated with E2-a (100 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks to evaluate therapeutic and immunoregulatory activities. Compared with the untreated group, E2-a treatment induced a significant reduction in cyst weight (mean 2.93 g) (p < 0.05) and an impaired ultrastructural modification of the cyst. Interestingly, the application of E2-a resulted in a significant increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cell subsets and decreased frequency of CD3+PD-1+ T-cell subsets, compared with protoscolece-infected mice without treatment. The E2-a fraction of S. moorcroftiana can inhibit the cyst development of CE and boost the specific immune response by reducing the expression of PD-1 and accelerate the cytokine secretion of antigen-specific T-cells. All data suggest the E2-a fraction from S. moorcroftiana seeds may be used as a new potential therapeutic option against E. granulosus infection.
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