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<p>The article discusses the over exploitation of natural resources in Gorkha. Two articles on this issue, in volume 16 in the CNAS journal, are discussed. This article discusses the exploitation of resources while addressing the social and economic causes. The author feels that the majority of Gorkha's inhabitants are economically dependent upon agriculture but the number of full-time farmers is quite small. The traditional practices for using natural resources now seem to have been discontinued, disturbing the relationship between man and his environment in Gorkha. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-02-13)</p>
Background: Fast and accurate staging is essential for choosing treatment for non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this randomized study was to evaluate the clinical effect of combined positron-emission tomography and computed tomography (PET–CT) on preoperative staging of NSCLC. Methods: We randomly assigned patients who were referred for preoperative staging of NSCLC to either conventional staging plus PET–CT or conventional staging alone. Patients were followed until death or for at least 12 months. The primary end point was the number of futile thoracotomies, defined as any one of the following: a thoracotomy with the finding of pathologically confirmed mediastinal lymph-node involvement (stage IIIA [N2]), stage IIIB or stage IV disease, or a benign lung lesion; an exploratory thoracotomy; or a thoracotomy in a patient who had recurrent disease or death from any cause within 1 year after randomization. Results: From January 2002 through February 2007, we randomly assigned 98 patients to the PET–CT group and 91 to the conventional-staging group. Mediastinoscopy was performed in 94% of the patients. After PET–CT, 38 patients were classified as having inoperable NSCLC, and after conventional staging, 18 patients were classified thus. Sixty patients in the PET–CT group and 73 in the conventional-staging group underwent thoracotomy (P=0.004). Among these thoracotomies, 21 in the PET–CT group and 38 in the conventional-staging group were futile (P=0.05). The number of justified thoracotomies and survival were similar in the two groups. Conclusions: The use of PET–CT for preoperative staging of NSCLC reduced both the total number of thoracotomies and the number of futile thoracotomies but did not affect overall mortality. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00867412.) N Engl J Med 2009;361:32-9.
<p>A review by Ulrike Kölver of Kamal P. Malla, <em>The Newari Language: A Working Outline</em>.</p>
Every year, 90% of Americans give money to charities. Is such generosity necessarily welfare enhancing for the giver? We present a theoretical framework that distinguishes two types of motivation: individuals like to give, for example, due to altruism or warm glow, and individuals would rather not give but dislike saying no, for example, due to social pressure. We design a door-to-door fund-raiser in which some households are informed about the exact time of solicitation with a flyer on their doorknobs. Thus, they can seek or avoid the fund-raiser. We find that the flyer reduces the share of households opening the door by 9% to 25% and, if the flyer allows checking a Do Not Disturb box, reduces giving by 28% to 42%. The latter decrease is concentrated among donations smaller than $ 10. These findings suggest that social pressure is an important determinant of door-to-door giving. Combining data from this and a complementary field experiment, we structurally estimate the model. The estimated social pressure cost of saying no to a solicitor is $ 3.80 for an in-state charity and $ 1.40 for an out-of-state charity. Our welfare calculations suggest that our door-to-door fund-raising campaigns on average lower the utility of the potential donors.
In 2 libraries. ix, 764 pages : illustrations (chiefly colour) ; 23 cm. Medicine -- Himalaya Mountains Region. Medicine, Tibetan. Buddhist medicine. Buddhist medicine -- China -- Tibet Autonomous Region. Traditional medicine -- China -- Tibet Autonomous Region. Traditional medicine -- Ladakh. Traditional medicine -- Bhutan. Therapeutics -- China -- Tibet Autonomous Region. Therapeutics -- Ladakh. Therapeutics -- Bhutan. Healing -- China -- Tibet Autonomous Region. Healing -- Bhutan. Healing -- Ladakh. Medicine, Tibetan Traditional. Spiritual Therapies. Buddhism.