All men are brothers: life and thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words
<p>The article discusses the annals of Prithvinarayan Shah and contemporary Sanskrit literature. The author argues that though King Prithvinarayan Shah, as the leader of masses, encouraged the vernacular, Sanskrit retained the superior position at his court. The article also discusses Sanskrit literary works of that period. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-01-25)</p>
<p>The article traces the study of the Thakalis and provides an annotated bibliography of studies on the Thakalis. The authors argues that in relation to their number, the Thakalis may be the most studied group in Nepal. The Thakalis have been studied by 15 trained anthropologists who have published 50 works on them up to the time the article was written. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-02-01)</p>
<p>The article briefly surveys Nepal's trade with the British India during the later half of the nineteenth century. The article reveals that there existed no registered trade between the two countries of Nepal and India up to 1875. The whole article is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the trade between the north-west provinces and Oudh and Nepal which was initiated at the initiative of the British Resident in Nepal. The second section discusses the trade between Bengal and Kathmandu which was conducted via Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Durbhanga, Bhagalpur, and Purnia in India and the Nepalese districts of Chitwan, Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi, Mahottari, Janakpur, Morang, and others. The third section discusses the trade passing between Darjeeling and the border district of Ilam in Nepal, which was not so encouraging. There is a table with a list of articles exported to Nepal and imported from Nepal. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-01-03)</p>
<p>This article analyzes the organization and structure of Nepali law courts during the third quarter of the nineteenth century. The article discusses the work of Shri Satis Kumar who wrote <em>Rana Polity in Nepal</em> (1967) and the work of Shri M. S. Jain, <em>The Emergence of a New Aristocracy in Nepal</em> (1972). Both state that Jung Bahadur did little to organize the judicial structure of the country. But the article claims it was Jung Bahadur who created more judicial courts, both in hills and in the Terai districts. The judicial administration of Nepal during that period can be studied under two main headings, namely centre and districts. The Kausal, or state council, with the prime minister as its head was the top of the judicial structure at the centre. It discusses the other centre court, the Sardar court, and district courts like adda adalat etc. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-01-17)</p>
Objective. To evaluate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing exercises and flow and volume-oriented incentive spirometry on pulmonary function and diaphragm excursion in patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery.
Methodology.
We selected 260 patients posted for laparoscopic abdominal surgery and they were block randomization as follows: 65 patients performed diaphragmatic breathing exercises, 65 patients performed flow incentive spirometry, 65 patients performed volume incentive spirometry, and 65 patients participated as a control group. All of them underwent evaluation of pulmonary function with measurement of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV
1
), Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), and diaphragm excursion measurement by ultrasonography before the operation and on the first and second postoperative days. With the level of significance set at
p
<
0.05
.
Results.
Pulmonary function and diaphragm excursion showed a significant decrease on the first postoperative day in all four groups (
p
<
0.001
) but was evident more in the control group than in the experimental groups. On the second postoperative day pulmonary function (Forced Vital Capacity) and diaphragm excursion were found to be better preserved in volume incentive spirometry and diaphragmatic breathing exercise group than in the flow incentive spirometry group and the control group. Pulmonary function (Forced Vital Capacity) and diaphragm excursion showed statistically significant differences between volume incentive spirometry and diaphragmatic breathing exercise group (
p
<
0.05
) as compared to that flow incentive spirometry group and the control group.
Conclusion
. Volume incentive spirometry and diaphragmatic breathing exercise can be recommended as an intervention for all patients pre- and postoperatively, over flow-oriented incentive spirometry for the generation and sustenance of pulmonary function and diaphragm excursion in the management of laparoscopic abdominal surgery.
<p>The article discusses the Nepalese legal system of the past, mainly focusing on criminal cases and punishments before and during the period of Jung Bahadur Rana. Ancient Nepal did not have strong judicial law. The first influential proponent of judicial law in Nepal was Jayasthiti Malla, who divided people into castes and made regulations setting out caste behavior and inter-caste relationships. The Nepalese laws are based on the Shastras, even in Malla period and later in the Shah period. The ruler of Gorkha, Ram Shah, is seen as a king who introduced social regulations. Brian Hodgson, the third British Resident in Nepal rendered a service to Nepal by putting the judicial system of the time into written form. It focuses on the laws implemented by Jung Bahadur Rana. He occupies a unique position in the legal history of Nepal giving politically united Nepal its first written legal code (Ain) which covered both civil and criminal law. The article contains the provisions of that legal code in the English language. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-01-08)</p>
<p>The article discusses the issues of human rights and refugee problems in South Asia with a focus on the cases of Bhutanese refugees. It analyses the situation and relation among Nepal, Bhutan and India on this issue. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-03-07)</p>
<p>This is a review by Krishna B. Bhattachan of David N. Gellner, Joanna Pfaff-Czaarnecka, and John Whelpton, <em>Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal</em>.</p>
<p>The article discusses the mass movement in Nepal in 1950 CE, and the democratic reforms that followed. It explores the background of world politics at the time, commenting that it was "the time of great upheavals" in the history of democracy and human rights. The article describes the Nepali nation and people's need for democracy. It disusses the role of people, parties, leaders like G M Singh and others, as well as international support for the democratic government. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-02-14)</p>
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