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BACKGROUND & AIMS: In patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and excessive belching, most belches are supragastric, and can induce reflux episodes and worsen GERD. Supragastric belching (SGB) might be reduced with diaphragmatic breathing exercises. We investigated whether diaphragmatic breathing therapy is effective in reducing belching and proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-refractory gastroesophageal reflux symptoms.METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 36 consecutive patients with GERD refractory to PPI therapy and a belching visual analogue scale (VAS) score of 6 or more, seen at a gastroenterology clinic at a tertiary hospital in Singapore from April 2015 through October 2016. Patients underwent high-resolution manometry and 24-hour pH-impedance studies while they were off PPIs. Fifteen patients were placed on a standardized diaphragmatic breathing exercise protocol (treatment group) and completed questionnaires at baseline, after diaphragmatic breathing therapy, and 4 months after the therapy ended. Twenty-one patients were placed on a waitlist (control subjects), completed the same questionnaires with an additional questionnaire after their waitlist period, and eventually received diaphragmatic breathing therapy. The primary outcome was reduction in belching VAS by 50% or more after treatment. Secondary outcomes included GERD symptoms (evaluated using the reflux disease questionnaire) and quality of life (QoL) scores, determined from the Reflux-Qual Short Form and EuroQoL-VAS.
RESULTS: Nine of the 15 patients in the treatment group (60%) and none of the 21 control subjects achieved the primary outcome (P < .001). In the treatment group, the mean belching VAS score decreased from 7.1 – 1.5 at baseline to 3.5 – 2.0 after diaphragmatic breathing therapy; in the control group, the mean VAS score was 7.6 – 1.1 at baseline and 7.4 – 1.3 after the waitlist period. Eighty percent of patients in the treatment group significantly reduced belching frequency compared with 19% in control subjects (P [ .001). Treatment significantly reduced symptoms of GERD (the mean reflux disease questionnaire score decreased by 12.2 in the treatment group and 3.1 in the control group; P [ .01). The treatment significantly increased QoL scores (the mean Reflux-Qual Short Form score increased by 15.4 in the treatment group and 5.2 in the control group; P [ .04) and mean EuroQoL-VAS scores (15.7 increase in treatment group and 2.4 decrease in the control group). These changes were sustained at 4 months after treatment. In the end, 20 of the 36 patients who received diaphragmatic breathing therapy (55.6%), all with excessive SGB, achieved the primary outcome.
CONCLUSIONS:
<p>A school-based program of mindful awareness practices (MAPs) was evaluated in a randomized control study of 64 second- and third-grade children ages 7–9 years. The program was delivered for 30 minutes, twice per week, for 8 weeks. Teachers and parents completed questionnaires assessing children's executive function immediately before and following the 8-week period. Multivariate analysis of covariance on teacher and parent reports of executive function (EF) indicated an interaction effect between baseline EF score and group status on posttest EF. That is, children in the MAPs group who were less well regulated showed greater improvement in EF compared with controls. Specifically, those children starting out with poor EF who went through the MAPs training showed gains in behavioral regulation, metacognition, and overall global executive control. These results indicate a stronger effect of MAPs on children with executive function difficulties. The finding that both teachers and parents reported changes suggests that improvements in children's behavioral regulation generalized across settings. Future work is warranted using neurocognitive tasks of executive functions, behavioral observation, and multiple classroom samples to replicate and extend these preliminary findings.</p>
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A school-based program of mindful awareness practices (MAPs) was evaluated in a randomized control study of 64 second- and third-grade children ages 7–9 years. The program was delivered for 30 minutes, twice per week, for 8 weeks. Teachers and parents completed questionnaires assessing children's executive function immediately before and following the 8-week period. Multivariate analysis of covariance on teacher and parent reports of executive function (EF) indicated an interaction effect between baseline EF score and group status on posttest EF. That is, children in the MAPs group who were less well regulated showed greater improvement in EF compared with controls. Specifically, those children starting out with poor EF who went through the MAPs training showed gains in behavioral regulation, metacognition, and overall global executive control. These results indicate a stronger effect of MAPs on children with executive function difficulties. The finding that both teachers and parents reported changes suggests that improvements in children's behavioral regulation generalized across settings. Future work is warranted using neurocognitive tasks of executive functions, behavioral observation, and multiple classroom samples to replicate and extend these preliminary findings.
1. Introduction - From documenting medical pluralism to critical interpretations of globalized health knowledge, policies, and practices Mark Nichter and Margaret Lock 2. Governing bodies in new order Indonesia Steve Ferzacca 3. Too bold, too hot: Crossing 'culture' in AIDS prevention in Nepal Stacy Leigh Pigg 4. The social relations of therapy management Mark Nichter 5.Making sense out of modernity Marina Roseman 6. A return to scientific racism in medical social sciences: the case of sexuality and the AIDS epidemic in Africa Gilles Bibeau and Duncan Pedersen 7. 'We five, our twenty-five': Myths of population out of control in contemporary India Patricia Jeffrey and Roger Jeffrey 8. Establishing proof: translating 'science' and the state in Tibetan medicine Vincanne Adams 9. Notes on the evolution of evolutionary psychiatry Allan Young 10. Utopias of health, eugenics, and germline engineering Margaret Lock 11. Killing and healing revisited: on cultural difference, warfare, and sacrifice Margaret Trawick
This investigation examined the influence of emotional attributions on the relevance of current feelings to judgments of personal satisfaction. In the first three studies, subjects were led to make different attributions for their naturally occurring feelings and then asked to judge their personal satisfaction. Satisfaction was higher after situational and specific attributions than after general and self-referential attributions, but only in domains that were unrelated to the causes to which subjects attributed their feelings. Study 4 tested whether affective states such as emotions with clearly defined causes are less relevant to judgments of life satisfaction than more diffuse states such as moods. Satisfaction was elevated after a laboratory mood induction only when subjects were led to focus on their moods in ways characteristic of emotional states (by articulating specific causes and labels for their feelings). These studies illuminate the role of emotional attribution in judgments of personal satisfaction.
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Multispecies ethnography is a rubric for a morethanhuman approach to ethnographic research and writing rapidly gaining discursive traction in anthropology and cognate fields.The term is deployed for work that acknowledges the interconnectedness and inseparability of humans and other life forms, and thus seeks to extend ethnography beyond the solely
human realm. Multispecies investigations of social and cultural phenomena are attentive to the agency of otherthanhuman species, whether they are plants, animals, fungi, bacteria,
or even viruses, which confound the species concept. This entails a challenge to the humanist epistemology upon which conventional ethnography is predicated, specifically its
ontological distinctions between nature and culture, human and nonhuman, subject and object. Multispecies ethnography must thus be seen as a part of a larger quest in the social
sciences and humanities to replace dualist ontologies by relational perspectives, to overcome anthropocentrism by pointing to the meaningful agency of nonhuman others, and to
highlight the intersections between ecological relations, political economy, and cultural representations. Multispecies ethnography however, not only acknowledges that humans
dwell in a world necessarily comprising other life forms but also contends that their entanglements with human lives, landscapes, and technologies must be theoretically integrated
into any account of existence. The authors of this article wish to thank Eben Kirksey, Thom van Dooren, and two anonymous reviewers.
<p>The article studies the rites and rituals of Newar Buddhists on which little research has been done. Buddhism as practiced by the Newar community of the Kathmandu valley has several unique features not found in other countries where Buddhism is practiced. The author writes that the clergy of Newar Buddhists are the Bare, a caste made up of two sub-divisions, the Shakya and Vajracharyas. The article describes the structure of bahas with the main deity of the sangha called "kwapa deo" in Newari. The article discusses Newar Buddhist initiation rites. Initiation rites into the sangha are held at irregular intervals. The initiation ceremonies take place on five different days spread over an eight-day period. The whole initiation is popularly referred to as "bare chuyegu" though this name properly refers only to the rites which take place on the third and main day. The article includes details on the practices or rites and rituals of all five days with photographs. It includes 11 leaves of plates. (Rajeev Ranjan Singh 2007-01-04)</p>
<p>A short review of Babu Krishna Rijal, <em>Archaeological Remains of Kapilavastu, Lumbini, Devadaha</em>.</p>
<p>A short review of Dor Bahadur Bista, <em>Report from Lhasa, 1979</em>.</p>
<p>A short review of Mary M. Anderson, <em>The Festivals of Nepal</em>.</p>
<p>A short review of Prakash A. Raj, <em>A Nepalese Discovers His Country</em>.</p>
<p>Abstract Two studies examined whether emotional comparison and distraction with emotion congruent and incongruent art would improve the well-being of dysphoric undergraduates. In both studies, subjects: (1) imagined a sad event; (2) compared their mood to that expressed by incongruent art (upward comparison) or congruent art (downward comparison); or focused on technical features of incongruent art (incongruent distraction) or congruent art (congruent distraction); and (3) rated their emotions and life satisfaction. The incongruent distraction group reported feeling more positive and more satisfied, and the downward comparison group reported feeling more satisfied, than the upward comparison or congruent distraction groups. Thus, comparison and distraction can improve well-being when directed towards emotion congruent and incongruent art, respectively.</p>
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