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Six compounds were isolated from an ethanol extract of Swertia mussotii and identified as 2-phenylethyl-β-D-glucoside (1), amaroswerin (2), 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (3), swertiamarine (4), 1,3,8-trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone (5) and methylswertianin (6). Compounds 1, 2 and 6 were isolated from S. mussotii for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activities of the compounds were evaluated by determining their effect on the production of NO by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Amaroswerin was the most potent inhibitor of NO release, with an IC50 value of 5.42 μg/mL. Treatment with amaroswerin inhibited expression of iNOS at both protein and mRNA levels. Amaroswerin also dose-dependently suppressed production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and reduced expression of mRNA for these LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators. Amaroswerin thus inhibits the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β by downregulating transcription in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells, indicating that amaroswerin may be a valuable therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Antioxidant potencies of an ethanolic extract and its components from <i>Lepidium latifolium</i> were investigated. In this study, we found that the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of <i>L. latifolium</i> was a rich source of antioxidant, resulting from its high total phenolic content. To determine the antioxidant components of the ethyl acetate fraction, a bioassay-guided fractionation approach using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate), and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays were conducted. Nine compounds were isolated and their structures were identified by MS and NMR spectral data and comparison to reported data. They are Quercetin-3-O-β-<i>d</i>-sophoroside-7-O-α-<i>l</i>-rhamnoside (<i>1</i>), Apetalumoside B6 (<i>2</i>), Kaempferol-3-O-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranoside-7-O-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranoside (<i>3</i>), Kaempferol-7-O-α-<i>l</i>-rhamnopyranoside (<i>4</i>), Kaempferol-3-O-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-<i>l</i>-rhamnopyranoside (<i>5</i>), Kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-feruloyl-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranoside)-7-O-glucopyranoside (<i>6</i>), Kaempferol-3-O-β-<i>d</i>-sophoroside-7-O-α-<i>l</i>-rhamnoside (<i>7</i>), Kaempferol-3-O-robinoside-7-O-(2″″-(E)-feruloyl)-sophoroside (<i>8</i>), Quercetin-3-O-(2,6-di-O-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranosyl)-β-<i>d</i>-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-<i>l</i>-rhamnopyranoside (<i>9</i>), compounds <i>1</i>, <i>2</i>, <i>4</i>, and <i>8</i> had potent free radical scavenging activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of these compounds were 9.8-12.3 and 7.4-31.4 μg/mL in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The results indicate that <i>L. latifolium</i> is a potential natural source of antioxidants to treat several diseases related to oxidant by-products of human metabolism.
A phytochemical investigation of <b>Lagotis brevituba</b> led to the isolation of 16 compounds, including five phenylpropanoids (<b>1</b>-<b>5</b>), eight flavonoids (<b>6</b>-<b>13</b>), one iridoid (<b>14</b>), one phenolic compound (<b>15</b>) and one triterpene (<b>16</b>). The structures of these compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods and a comparison of their data with those reported in the literature. This is the first report of compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>7</b>-<b>13</b> and <b>15</b> from the genus <b>Lagotis</b>. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds has also been summarized.<br>• A phytochemical investigation of <b>Lagotis brevituba</b> led to the isolation of 16 compounds, including five phenylpropanoids (<b>1</b>-<b>5</b>), eight flavonoids (<b>6</b>-<b>13</b>), one iridoid (<b>14</b>), one phenolic (<b>15</b>) and one triterpene (<b>16</b>). • This is the first report of compounds <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>7</b>-<b>13</b> and <b>15</b> from the genus <b>Lagotis.</b>