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Seven phenolic compounds, <b>1</b> - <b>7</b>, including a new organic acid gallate, mucic acid 1-ethyl 6-methyl ester 2-<i>O</i>-gallate (<b>7</b>), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the fruits of <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. (Euphorbiaceae). The structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Upon evaluated for their antioxidant abilities by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The inhibitory activities against melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells induced by <i>α</i>-MSH, as well as cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines were also evaluated. All phenolic compounds, <b>1</b> - <b>7</b>, exhibited potent antioxidant abilities (DPPH:<i> IC</i><sub>50</sub> 5.6 - 12.9 μm; ABTS: 0.87 - 8.43 μm <i>Trolox</i>/μm; FRAP: 1.01 - 5.79 μm Fe<sup>2+</sup>/μm, respectively). Besides, <b>5</b> - <b>7</b>, also exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against melanogenesis (80.7 - 86.8% melanin content), even with no or low toxicity to the cells (93.5 - 101.6% cell viability) at a high concentration of 100 μm. Compounds <b>1</b> - <b>3</b> exhibited cytotoxic activity against one or more cell lines (<i>IC</i><sub>50</sub> 13.9 - 68.4%), and compound <b>1</b> with high tumor selectivity for A549 (<i>SI</i> 3.2).