Love for and kinship with nature is the first principle of the Pagan Federation and putatively provides the foundation for contemporary Western Pagans? relationships with the natural environment and other-than-human beings. This article explores the meanings of kinship with nature and animism for neo-Pagans and asks whether expressions of such a worldview are more than metaphorical, rhetorical or simply wishful. The meanings for some indigenous animist peoples are discussed and compared with neo-Pagan understandings. The article concludes that kinship with nature is meaningful for most neo-Pagans largely within the domains of religious belief, ritual, and recreational activity; it does not usually determine the rules of everyday life in the ways it does, or traditionally did, for indigenous animist peoples. This is not to say that it is not a relevant or useful proposition in the modern or postmodern world. A neo-Pagan worldview provides a model of social relations among ?people? of all kinds, along with an ideological and motivational charter for human action which has urgent, contemporary ecological relevance.